To read structural abnormality

This is how we need read structural abnormality of chromosome
ex. 2q34 indicates abnormality on 2nd chromosome
q indicates long arm
34 means region 3 and band 4
in brief it is abnormality in region three band 4 of long arm of chromosome 2

DNA probes available for prenatal diagnosis

"ABCDEFGH Probes":
Alpha globin probe: alpha thalassaemia, polycystic kidney
Alpha 1 AT probe: alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency
Beta globin probe: beta thalassaemia, sickle cell anaemia
CFTCR probe: cystic fibrosis
Dystrophin probe: Duchenne's modystrophy
Enormous CAG repeat probe: Huntington's disease
Factor VIII probe: haemophilia A
GH probe: growth hormone deficiency
Hemochromatosis probe: hemochromatosis
PAH probe: phenylketonuria

Oralpharangeal cancers: aetiology

6 S's:
Smoking
Spicy food
Syphilis
Spirits [booze]
Sore tooth
Sepsis
· Also bezel nuts.

DISEASES THROUGH WATER

1 Water borne diseases :- through drinking of contaminated water transmitted by feco oral route
ex :-typhoid cholera dysentry viral hepatitis A

2 Water washed diseases:-infection of outer body surface through inadequate use or improper hygiene
ex:-scabies trachoma typhus bacillary amd amoebic dysentry

3 Water based diseases:- infection transmitted through an aquatic invertebrate animal
ex:- schistosomiasis dracunculosis

4 Water related diseases (water breeding diseases) :- infections spread by insects that depend on water
ex:- malaria filaria dengue yellow fever onchocerciasis

Complication of undecended testis

Remember as :- PASTE of Malignant Inguinal hernia
P:- pain
A:-atrophy
S:-sterlity
T:-torsion
E:-epididymoorchitis
M:-malignant potential
I:-indirect inguinal hernia

Metabolic acidosis

High anion gap is seen in(MUDPILES)
M-methanol
U-Uremia
D-DKA
P-propylene glycol
I-isoniazid
L-lactic acidosis
E-ethylene glycol
S-salicylates.

Normal anion gap is seen in(A FUSED CARS)
A-addisons
F-fistula pancreatic
U-uretro gastric conduit
S-saline administration
E-endocrine hyper PTH
D-diarrhoea
C-carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
A-ammonium chloride
R-RTA
S-spironolactone

carotid and vertebral arteries