To read structural abnormality

This is how we need read structural abnormality of chromosome
ex. 2q34 indicates abnormality on 2nd chromosome
q indicates long arm
34 means region 3 and band 4
in brief it is abnormality in region three band 4 of long arm of chromosome 2

DNA probes available for prenatal diagnosis

"ABCDEFGH Probes":
Alpha globin probe: alpha thalassaemia, polycystic kidney
Alpha 1 AT probe: alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency
Beta globin probe: beta thalassaemia, sickle cell anaemia
CFTCR probe: cystic fibrosis
Dystrophin probe: Duchenne's modystrophy
Enormous CAG repeat probe: Huntington's disease
Factor VIII probe: haemophilia A
GH probe: growth hormone deficiency
Hemochromatosis probe: hemochromatosis
PAH probe: phenylketonuria

Oralpharangeal cancers: aetiology

6 S's:
Smoking
Spicy food
Syphilis
Spirits [booze]
Sore tooth
Sepsis
· Also bezel nuts.

DISEASES THROUGH WATER

1 Water borne diseases :- through drinking of contaminated water transmitted by feco oral route
ex :-typhoid cholera dysentry viral hepatitis A

2 Water washed diseases:-infection of outer body surface through inadequate use or improper hygiene
ex:-scabies trachoma typhus bacillary amd amoebic dysentry

3 Water based diseases:- infection transmitted through an aquatic invertebrate animal
ex:- schistosomiasis dracunculosis

4 Water related diseases (water breeding diseases) :- infections spread by insects that depend on water
ex:- malaria filaria dengue yellow fever onchocerciasis

Complication of undecended testis

Remember as :- PASTE of Malignant Inguinal hernia
P:- pain
A:-atrophy
S:-sterlity
T:-torsion
E:-epididymoorchitis
M:-malignant potential
I:-indirect inguinal hernia

Metabolic acidosis

High anion gap is seen in(MUDPILES)
M-methanol
U-Uremia
D-DKA
P-propylene glycol
I-isoniazid
L-lactic acidosis
E-ethylene glycol
S-salicylates.

Normal anion gap is seen in(A FUSED CARS)
A-addisons
F-fistula pancreatic
U-uretro gastric conduit
S-saline administration
E-endocrine hyper PTH
D-diarrhoea
C-carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
A-ammonium chloride
R-RTA
S-spironolactone

carotid and vertebral arteries

TB IN AIDS

Features
1. Decreased sputum positivity
2. Less cavitation
3. Lack of classic granuloma formation
4. Negative PPD skin tests
5. Extra pulmonary TB is common

Gallamine indicated in heart blocks since it causes tachycardia

hiv

corticosteroids are generally contraindicated in HIV(as it is a immunocompromised state) except in two conditions
1) pneumocystis carini infection
2) lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis

on ct imging
1) multiple space occupying lesions - toxoplasmosis(it is most common ICSOL in hiv)
2)single SOL - primary lymphoma(second most common)

questions

anesthetic which is a broncho dilator- ketamine
anesthetic which causes brocho constriction - thiopentone

anesthetic which assists ventilation -suxamethonium but does not cause broncho dilatation